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We are using the Python scripting interface in perf to extract kernel
events relevant for performance analysis of HPC codes. We noticed that
the "perf script" call allocates a significant amount of memory (in the
order of several 100 MiB) during it's run, e.g. 125 MiB for a 25 MiB
input file:
$> perf record -o perf.data -a -R -g fp \
-e power:cpu_frequency -e sched:sched_switch \
-e sched:sched_migrate_task -e sched:sched_process_exit \
-e sched:sched_process_fork -e sched:sched_process_exec \
-e cycles -m 4096 --freq 4000
$> /usr/bin/time perf script -i perf.data -s dummy_script.py
0.84user 0.13system 0:01.92elapsed 51%CPU (0avgtext+0avgdata
125532maxresident)k
73072inputs+0outputs (57major+33086minor)pagefaults 0swaps
Upon further investigation using the valgrind massif tool, we noticed
that Python objects that are created in trace-event-python.c via
PyString_FromString*() (and their Integer and Long counterparts) are
never free'd.
The reason for this seem to be missing Py_DECREF calls on the objects
that are returned by these functions and stored in the Python
dictionaries. The Python dictionaries do not steal references (as
opposed to Python tuples and lists) but instead add their own reference.
Hence, the reference that is returned by these object creation functions
is never released and the memory is leaked. (see [1,2])
The attached patch fixes this by wrapping all relevant calls to
PyDict_SetItemString() and decrementing the reference counter
immediately after the Python function call.
This reduces the allocated memory to a reasonable amount:
$> /usr/bin/time perf script -i perf.data -s dummy_script.py
0.73user 0.05system 0:00.79elapsed 99%CPU (0avgtext+0avgdata
49132maxresident)k
0inputs+0outputs (0major+14045minor)pagefaults 0swaps
For comparison, with a 120 MiB input file the memory consumption
reported by time drops from almost 600 MiB to 146 MiB.
The patch has been tested using Linux 3.8.2 with Python 2.7.4 and Linux
3.11.6 with Python 2.7.5.
Please let me know if you need any further information.
[1] http://docs.python.org/2/c-api/tuple.html#PyTuple_SetItem
[2] http://docs.python.org/2/c-api/dict.html#PyDict_SetItemString
Signed-off-by: Joseph Schuchart <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Tom Zanussi <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Tom Zanussi <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
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It can take quite amount of time so add progress bar UI to inform user.
Signed-off-by: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
[ perf_progress -> ui_progress ]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
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That will ease using a progress bar across multiple functions, like in
the upcoming patches that will present a progress bar when collapsing
histograms.
Based on a previous patch by Namhyung Kim.
Cc: Adrian Hunter <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/n/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
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Amend perf_evlist__parse_mmap_pages() to check that the mmap_pages
entered via the --mmap_pages/-m option is not too big.
Signed-off-by: Adrian Hunter <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
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parse_tag_value() accepts an "unsigned long" and multiplies it according
to a tag character. Do not accept the value if the multiplication
overflows.
Signed-off-by: Adrian Hunter <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
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At this point, --fentry (mcount function entry) option for gcc fuzzes
the debuginfo variable locations by skipping the mcount instruction
offset (on x86, this is a 5 byte call instruction).
This makes variable searching fail at the entry of functions which
are mcount'ed.
e.g.)
Available variables at vfs_read
@<vfs_read+0>
(No matched variables)
This patch adds additional location search at the function entry point
to solve this issue, which tries to find the earliest address for the
variable location.
Note that this only works with function parameters (formal parameters)
because any local variables should not exist on the function entry
address (those are not initialized yet).
With this patch, perf probe shows correct parameters if possible;
# perf probe --vars vfs_read
Available variables at vfs_read
@<vfs_read+0>
char* buf
loff_t* pos
size_t count
struct file* file
Signed-off-by: Masami Hiramatsu <[email protected]>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
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Support "$vars" meta argument syntax for tracing all local variables at
probe point.
Now you can trace all available local variables (including function
parameters) at the probe point by passing $vars.
# perf probe --add foo $vars
This automatically finds all local variables at foo() and adds it as
probe arguments.
Signed-off-by: Masami Hiramatsu <[email protected]>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
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As suggested by tglx, 'self' should be replaced by something that is
more useful.
Cc: Adrian Hunter <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/n/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
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When the callgraph function is enabled (-G), it may take a long time to
scan all the stack data and merge them accordingly.
This patch adds a new --max-stack option to perf-top to limit the depth
of callchain stack data to look at to reduce the time it takes for
perf-top to finish its processing. It reduces the amount of information
provided to the user in exchange for faster speed.
Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <[email protected]>
Acked-by: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Tested-by: Davidlohr Bueso <[email protected]>
Cc: Adrian Hunter <[email protected]>
Cc: Aswin Chandramouleeswaran <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Scott J Norton <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
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When callgraph data was included in the perf data file, it may take a
long time to scan all those data and merge them together especially if
the stored callchains are long and the perf data file itself is large,
like a Gbyte or so.
The callchain stack is currently limited to PERF_MAX_STACK_DEPTH (127).
This is a large value. Usually the callgraph data that developers are
most interested in are the first few levels, the rests are usually not
looked at.
This patch adds a new --max-stack option to perf-report to limit the
depth of callchain stack data to look at to reduce the time it takes for
perf-report to finish its processing. It trades the presence of trailing
stack information with faster speed.
The following table shows the elapsed time of doing perf-report on a
perf.data file of size 985,531,828 bytes.
--max_stack Elapsed Time Output data size
----------- ------------ ----------------
not set 88.0s 124,422,651
64 87.5s 116,303,213
32 87.2s 112,023,804
16 86.6s 94,326,380
8 59.9s 33,697,248
4 40.7s 10,116,637
-g none 27.1s 2,555,810
Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <[email protected]>
Acked-by: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Adrian Hunter <[email protected]>
Cc: Aswin Chandramouleeswaran <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Scott J Norton <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
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Removing 'fd, fd_pipe, filename, size' from struct perf_session and
replacing them with struct perf_data_file object.
Signed-off-by: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Adrian Hunter <[email protected]>
Cc: Andi Kleen <[email protected]>
Cc: Corey Ashford <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
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Adding perf_data_file__open interface to data object to open the
perf.data file for both read and write.
Signed-off-by: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Adrian Hunter <[email protected]>
Cc: Andi Kleen <[email protected]>
Cc: Corey Ashford <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
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This patch is adding 'struct perf_data_file' object as a placeholder for
all attributes regarding perf.data file handling. Changing
perf_session__new to take it as an argument.
The rest of the functionality will be added later to keep this change
simple enough, because all the places using perf_session are changed
now.
Signed-off-by: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Adrian Hunter <[email protected]>
Cc: Andi Kleen <[email protected]>
Cc: Corey Ashford <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
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Linus reported that sometimes 'perf report -s symbol' exits without any
message on TUI. David and Jiri found that it's because it failed to add
a hist entry due to an invalid symbol length.
It turns out that sorting by symbol (address) was broken since it only
compares symbol addresses. The symbol address is a relative address
within a dso thus just checking its address can result in merging
unrelated symbols together. Fix it by checking dso before comparing
symbol address.
Reported-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
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Current collapse stage has a scalability problem which can be reproduced
easily with a parallel kernel build.
This is because it needs to traverse every children of callchains
linearly during the collapse/merge stage.
Converting it to a rbtree reduced the overhead significantly.
On my 400MB perf.data file which recorded with make -j32 kernel build:
$ time perf --no-pager report --stdio > /dev/null
before:
real 6m22.073s
user 6m18.683s
sys 0m0.706s
after:
real 0m20.780s
user 0m19.962s
sys 0m0.689s
During the perf report the overhead on append_chain_children went down
from 96.69% to 18.16%:
- 18.16% perf perf [.] append_chain_children
- append_chain_children
- 77.48% append_chain_children
+ 69.79% merge_chain_branch
- 22.96% append_chain_children
+ 67.44% merge_chain_branch
+ 30.15% append_chain_children
+ 2.41% callchain_append
+ 7.25% callchain_append
+ 12.26% callchain_append
+ 10.22% merge_chain_branch
+ 11.58% perf perf [.] dso__find_symbol
+ 8.02% perf perf [.] sort__comm_cmp
+ 5.48% perf libc-2.17.so [.] malloc_consolidate
Reported-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
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Tracepoints are not visible in "perf list" on Fedora 19 because regular
users have no permission to /sys/kernel/debug by default. Show an error
message so that the user knows about it instead of assuming that
tracepoints are not supported on the system.
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
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The same code is used in perf_evlist__mmap_per_cpu() and
perf_evlist__mmap_per_thread().
Factor it out into a separate function perf_evlist__mmap_per_evsel().
Signed-off-by: Adrian Hunter <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
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Put the comments into the correct kernel-doc format and correct
reference to perf_evlist__read_on_cpu() which should be
perf_evlist__mmap_read().
Signed-off-by: Adrian Hunter <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
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util/evlist.c: In function 'perf_evlist__mmap':
util/evlist.c:772:2: error: format '%lu' expects argument of type 'long unsigned int', but argument 3 has type 'size_t' [-Werror=format]
cc1: all warnings being treated as errors
Signed-off-by: Adrian Hunter <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
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The perf_event__attr_swap() method needs to swap all members of struct
perf_event_attr. Add missing ones.
Signed-off-by: Adrian Hunter <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
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Piped events can be sorted so a final flush is needed.
Add that and remove a redundant 'err = 0'.
Signed-off-by: Adrian Hunter <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
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The final array decrement in id sample parsing is missing, which may
trip up the next person adding a sample format, so add it in.
Signed-off-by: Adrian Hunter <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
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The struct perf_event_attr now has a 'mmap2' member. Add it to
perf_event_attr__fprintf().
Signed-off-by: Adrian Hunter <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
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kernel/events/core.c has:
/*
* perf event paranoia level:
* -1 - not paranoid at all
* 0 - disallow raw tracepoint access for unpriv
* 1 - disallow cpu events for unpriv
* 2 - disallow kernel profiling for unpriv
*/
int sysctl_perf_event_paranoid __read_mostly = 1;
So, with the default being 1, a non-root user can trace his stuff:
[acme@zoo ~]$ cat /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid
1
[acme@zoo ~]$ yes > /dev/null &
[1] 15338
[acme@zoo ~]$ trace -p 15338 | head -5
0.005 ( 0.005 ms): write(fd: 1</dev/null>, buf: 0x7fe6db765000, count: 4096 ) = 4096
0.045 ( 0.001 ms): write(fd: 1</dev/null>, buf: 0x7fe6db765000, count: 4096 ) = 4096
0.085 ( 0.001 ms): write(fd: 1</dev/null>, buf: 0x7fe6db765000, count: 4096 ) = 4096
0.125 ( 0.001 ms): write(fd: 1</dev/null>, buf: 0x7fe6db765000, count: 4096 ) = 4096
0.165 ( 0.001 ms): write(fd: 1</dev/null>, buf: 0x7fe6db765000, count: 4096 ) = 4096
[acme@zoo ~]$
[acme@zoo ~]$ trace --duration 1 sleep 1
1002.148 (1001.218 ms): nanosleep(rqtp: 0x7fff46c79250 ) = 0
[acme@zoo ~]$
[acme@zoo ~]$ trace -- usleep 1 | tail -5
0.905 ( 0.002 ms): brk( ) = 0x1c82000
0.910 ( 0.003 ms): brk(brk: 0x1ca3000 ) = 0x1ca3000
0.913 ( 0.001 ms): brk( ) = 0x1ca3000
0.990 ( 0.059 ms): nanosleep(rqtp: 0x7fffe31a3280 ) = 0
0.995 ( 0.000 ms): exit_group(
[acme@zoo ~]$
But can't do system wide tracing:
[acme@zoo ~]$ trace
Error: Operation not permitted.
Hint: Check /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid setting.
Hint: For system wide tracing it needs to be set to -1.
Hint: The current value is 1.
[acme@zoo ~]$
[acme@zoo ~]$ trace --cpu 0
Error: Operation not permitted.
Hint: Check /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid setting.
Hint: For system wide tracing it needs to be set to -1.
Hint: The current value is 1.
[acme@zoo ~]$
If the paranoid level is >= 2, i.e. turn this perf stuff off for !root users:
[acme@zoo ~]$ sudo sh -c 'echo 2 > /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid'
[acme@zoo ~]$ cat /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid
2
[acme@zoo ~]$
[acme@zoo ~]$ trace usleep 1
Error: Permission denied.
Hint: Check /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid setting.
Hint: For your workloads it needs to be <= 1
Hint: For system wide tracing it needs to be set to -1.
Hint: The current value is 2.
[acme@zoo ~]$
[acme@zoo ~]$ trace
Error: Permission denied.
Hint: Check /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid setting.
Hint: For your workloads it needs to be <= 1
Hint: For system wide tracing it needs to be set to -1.
Hint: The current value is 2.
[acme@zoo ~]$
[acme@zoo ~]$ trace --cpu 1
Error: Permission denied.
Hint: Check /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid setting.
Hint: For your workloads it needs to be <= 1
Hint: For system wide tracing it needs to be set to -1.
Hint: The current value is 2.
[acme@zoo ~]$
If the user manages to get what he/she wants, convincing root not
to be paranoid at all...
[root@zoo ~]# echo -1 > /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid
[root@zoo ~]# cat /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid
-1
[root@zoo ~]#
[acme@zoo ~]$ ps -eo user,pid,comm | grep Xorg
root 729 Xorg
[acme@zoo ~]$
[acme@zoo ~]$ trace -a --duration 0.001 -e \!select,ioctl,writev | grep Xorg | head -5
23.143 ( 0.003 ms): Xorg/729 setitimer(which: REAL, value: 0x7fffaadf16e0 ) = 0
23.152 ( 0.004 ms): Xorg/729 read(fd: 31, buf: 0x2544af0, count: 4096 ) = 8
23.161 ( 0.002 ms): Xorg/729 read(fd: 31, buf: 0x2544af0, count: 4096 ) = -1 EAGAIN Resource temporarily unavailable
23.175 ( 0.002 ms): Xorg/729 setitimer(which: REAL, value: 0x7fffaadf16e0 ) = 0
23.235 ( 0.002 ms): Xorg/729 setitimer(which: REAL, value: 0x7fffaadf16e0 ) = 0
[acme@zoo ~]$
Cc: Adrian Hunter <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/n/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
|
|
Just opens a file and calls atoi() in at most its first 64 bytes.
To read things like /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid.
Cc: Adrian Hunter <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/n/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
|
|
For now, we disable the extended MMAP record support (MMAP2).
We have identified cases where it would not report the correct mapping
information, clone(VM_CLONE) but with separate pids. We will revisit
the support once we find a solution for this case.
The patch changes the kernel to return EINVAL if attr->mmap2 is set. The
patch also modifies the perf tool to use regular PERF_RECORD_MMAP for
synthetic events and it also prevents the tool from requesting
attr->mmap2 mode because the kernel would reject it.
The support will be revisited once the kenrel interface is updated.
In V2, we reduce the patch to the strict minimum.
In V3, we avoid calling perf_event_open() with mmap2 set because we know
it will fail and require fallback retry.
Signed-off-by: Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
Cc: Andi Kleen <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20131017173215.GA8820@quad
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
|
|
Cast __u64 to u64 to silence this warning on older distros, such as
Fedora 12:
CC /tmp/build/perf/util/scripting-engines/trace-event-perl.o
cc1: warnings being treated as errors
util/scripting-engines/trace-event-perl.c: In function ‘perl_process_tracepoint’:
util/scripting-engines/trace-event-perl.c:285: error: format ‘%lu’ expects type ‘long unsigned int’, but argument 2 has type ‘__u64’
make[1]: *** [/tmp/build/perf/util/scripting-engines/trace-event-perl.o] Error 1
make: *** [install] Error 2
make: Leaving directory `/home/acme/git/linux/tools/perf'
[acme@fedora12 linux]$
Reported-by: Waiman Long <[email protected]>
Cc: Adrian Hunter <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
Cc: Tom Zanussi <[email protected]>
Cc: Waiman Long <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/n/[email protected]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
|
|
Out of 'perf trace', should be used by other tools that uses
tracepoints.
Cc: Adrian Hunter <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Ramkumar Ramachandra <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/n/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
|
|
Fix perf probe --list to initialize fname local var always before
use it. This may cause a SEGV if there is a probe which is in
the function body but not in any inline function.
Problem introduced in:
commit e08cfd4bda76
Author: Masami Hiramatsu <[email protected]>
Date: Mon Sep 30 18:21:44 2013 +0900
perf probe: Fix to find line information for probe list
Signed-off-by: Masami Hiramatsu <[email protected]>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
|
|
Cast __u64 to u64 to silence this warning on older distros, such as
Fedora 12:
CC /tmp/build/perf/util/scripting-engines/trace-event-perl.o
cc1: warnings being treated as errors
util/scripting-engines/trace-event-perl.c: In function ‘perl_process_tracepoint’:
util/scripting-engines/trace-event-perl.c:285: error: format ‘%lu’ expects type ‘long unsigned int’, but argument 2 has type ‘__u64’
make[1]: *** [/tmp/build/perf/util/scripting-engines/trace-event-perl.o] Error 1
make: *** [install] Error 2
make: Leaving directory `/home/acme/git/linux/tools/perf'
[acme@fedora12 linux]$
Reported-by: Waiman Long <[email protected]>
Cc: Adrian Hunter <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
Cc: Tom Zanussi <[email protected]>
Cc: Waiman Long <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/n/[email protected]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
|
|
In function filename__read_debuglink(), while the ELF file is opend and
mmapped in elf_begin(), but if this file is considered to not be usable
during the following code, we will goto the close(fd) directly. The
elf_end() is skipped. So, the mmaped ELF file cannot be munmapped. The
mmapped areas exist during the life of perf.
This is a memory leak. This patch fixed this bug.
Reviewed-by: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Chenggang Qin <[email protected]>
Cc: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Cc: Arjan van de Ven <[email protected]>
Cc: Chenggang Qin <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <[email protected]>
Cc: Yanmin Zhang <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
|
|
In function symbols__fixup_duplicate(), while duplicated symbols are
found, only the rb_node is removed from the tree. The symbol structures
themself are ignored. Then, these memory areas are lost.
Signed-off-by: Chenggang Qin <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Cc: Arjan van de Ven <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <[email protected]>
Cc: Yanmin Zhang <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
|
|
The target address is provided by objdump and is not necessary a memory
address. Add a helper to get the correct address.
Signed-off-by: Adrian Hunter <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
|
|
kcore can be used to view the running kernel object code. However,
kcore changes as modules are loaded and unloaded, and when the kernel
decides to modify its own code. Consequently it is useful to create a
copy of kcore at a particular time. Unlike vmlinux, kcore is not unique
for a given build-id. And in addition, the kallsyms and modules files
are also needed. The tool therefore creates a directory:
~/.debug/[kernel.kcore]/<build-id>/<YYYYmmddHHMMSShh>
which contains: kcore, kallsyms and modules.
Note that the copied kcore contains only code sections. See the
kcore_copy() function for how that is determined.
The tool will not make additional copies of kcore if there is already
one with the same modules at the same addresses.
Currently, perf tools will not look for kcore in the cache. That is
addressed in another patch.
Signed-off-by: Adrian Hunter <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
[ renamed 'index' to 'idx' to avoid shadowing string.h symbol in f12,
use at least one member initializer when initializing a struct to
zeros, also to fix the build on f12 ]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
|
|
When no vmlinux is found, tools will use kallsyms and, if possible,
kcore. Add the ability to find kcore in the build-id cache.
Signed-off-by: Adrian Hunter <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
|
|
Add a function to copy a file specifying the permissions to use for the
created file.
Signed-off-by: Adrian Hunter <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
|
|
Use the new map_groups__find_ams() method to find kcore symbols on other
maps.
Signed-off-by: Adrian Hunter <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
|
|
Add a function to find a symbol using an ip that might be on a different
map.
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Adrian Hunter <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
|
|
The objdump tool fails to annotate module symbols when looking at kcore.
Workaround this by extracting object code from kcore and putting it in a
temporary file for objdump to use instead.
The temporary file is created to look like kcore but contains only the
function being disassembled.
Signed-off-by: Adrian Hunter <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
[ Renamed 'index' to 'idx' to avoid shadowing string.h's 'index' in Fedora 12,
Replace local with variable length with malloc/free to fix build in Fedora 12 ]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
|
|
Before using kcore we need to check that modules are in memory at the
same addresses that they were when data was recorded.
This is done because, while we could remap symbols to different
addresses, the object code linkages would still be different which would
provide an erroneous view of the object code.
Signed-off-by: Adrian Hunter <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
[ Rename basename to base_name to avoid shadowing libgen's basename in fedora 12 ]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
|
|
trace-event-parse.c:parse_proc_kallsyms()
Old GCC (4.4.2) does not see through the code flow of get_srcline() and
gets confused about the status of 'file' and 'line':
CC /tmp/build/perf/util/srcline.o
cc1: warnings being treated as errors
util/srcline.c: In function ¿get_srcline¿:
util/srcline.c:226: error: ¿file¿ may be used uninitialized in this function
util/srcline.c:227: error: ¿line¿ may be used uninitialized in this function
make[1]: *** [/tmp/build/perf/util/srcline.o] Error 1
make: *** [install] Error 2
make: Leaving directory `/home/acme/git/linux/tools/perf'
[acme@fedora12 linux]$
Help out GCC by initializing 'file' and 'line'.
Signed-off-by: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/n/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
|
|
Similar to other findnew based methods if the requested object is not
found, add it to the list.
v2: followed format of other findnew methods per acme's request
Signed-off-by: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
|
|
Before:
CC util/pmu.o
CC util/parse-events.o
PERF_VERSION = 3.12.rc4.g1b30c
CC util/parse-events-flex.o
GEN perf-archive
After:
CC util/pmu.o
CC util/parse-events.o
PERF_VERSION = 3.12.rc4.g1b30c
CC util/parse-events-flex.o
GEN perf-archive
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
|
|
Make a separate function to parse /proc/modules so that it can be
reused.
Signed-off-by: Adrian Hunter <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
|
|
Allows commands to leverage intlist infrastructure for opaque
structures.
For example an upcoming perf-trace change will use this as a means of
tracking syscalls statistics by task.
Signed-off-by: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
|
|
Loop over all threads within a machine - including threads moved to the
dead threads list -- and invoked a function.
This allows commands to run some specific function on each thread (eg.,
dump statistics) yet hides how the threads are maintained within the
machine.
Signed-off-by: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
|
|
Task comm's are getting lost when processing events from a file. The
problem is that the trace struct used by the live processing has its
host machine and the perf-session used for file based processing has its
host machine. Fix by having both references point to the same machine.
Before:
0.030 ( 0.001 ms): :27743/27743 brk( ...
0.057 ( 0.004 ms): :27743/27743 mmap(len: 4096, prot: READ|WRITE, flags: ...
0.075 ( 0.006 ms): :27743/27743 access(filename: 0x7f3809fbce00, mode: R ...
0.091 ( 0.005 ms): :27743/27743 open(filename: 0x7f3809fba14c, flags: CLOEXEC ...
...
After:
0.030 ( 0.001 ms): make/27743 brk( ...
0.057 ( 0.004 ms): make/27743 mmap(len: 4096, prot: READ|WRITE, flags: ...
0.075 ( 0.006 ms): make/27743 access(filename: 0x7f3809fbce00, mode: R ...
0.091 ( 0.005 ms): make/27743 open(filename: 0x7f3809fba14c, flags: CLOEXEC ...
...
Signed-off-by: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
[ Moved creation of new host machine to a separate constructor: machine__new_host() ]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
|
|
The perf_evlist__mmap_read used 'union perf_event' as a placeholder for
event crossing the mmap boundary.
This is ok for sample shorter than ~PATH_MAX. However we could grow up
to the maximum sample size which is 16 bits max.
I hit this overflow issue when using 'perf top -G dwarf' which produces
sample with the size around 8192 bytes. We could configure any valid
sample size here using: '-G dwarf,size'.
Using array with sample max size instead for the event placeholder. Also
adding another safe check for the dynamic size of the user stack.
TODO: The 'struct perf_mmap' is quite big now, maybe we could use some
lazy allocation for event_copy size.
Signed-off-by: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Acked-by: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Corey Ashford <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
|
|
Moving start conditions to start of the flex file so it's clear what the
INITIAL condition rules are.
Plus adding default rule for INITIAL condition. This prevents default
space to be printed for events like:
$ ./perf stat -e "cycles " kill 2>/dev/null
$
^^^^^^^^
Signed-off-by: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Corey Ashford <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
|
|
To avoid buffer overruns.
Signed-off-by: Adrian Hunter <[email protected]>
Cc: David Ahern <[email protected]>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <[email protected]>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <[email protected]>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephane Eranian <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
[ Split from aa7fe3b ]
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <[email protected]>
|