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cold is a bool, make it one. Make the likely case the "if" part of the
block instead of the else as according to the optimisation manual this is
preferred.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <[email protected]>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <[email protected]>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <[email protected]>
Cc: Jan Kara <[email protected]>
Cc: Michal Hocko <[email protected]>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <[email protected]>
Cc: Dave Hansen <[email protected]>
Cc: Theodore Ts'o <[email protected]>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <[email protected]>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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X86 prefers the use of unsigned types for iterators and there is a
tendency to mix whether a signed or unsigned type if used for page order.
This converts a number of sites in mm/page_alloc.c to use unsigned int for
order where possible.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <[email protected]>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <[email protected]>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <[email protected]>
Cc: Jan Kara <[email protected]>
Cc: Michal Hocko <[email protected]>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <[email protected]>
Cc: Dave Hansen <[email protected]>
Cc: Theodore Ts'o <[email protected]>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <[email protected]>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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get_pageblock_migratetype() is called during free with IRQs disabled.
This is unnecessary and disables IRQs for longer than necessary.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <[email protected]>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <[email protected]>
Cc: Jan Kara <[email protected]>
Cc: Michal Hocko <[email protected]>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <[email protected]>
Cc: Dave Hansen <[email protected]>
Cc: Theodore Ts'o <[email protected]>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <[email protected]>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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In the free path we calculate page_to_pfn multiple times. Reduce that.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <[email protected]>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <[email protected]>
Cc: Jan Kara <[email protected]>
Cc: Michal Hocko <[email protected]>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <[email protected]>
Cc: Dave Hansen <[email protected]>
Cc: Theodore Ts'o <[email protected]>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <[email protected]>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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The test_bit operations in get/set pageblock flags are expensive. This
patch reads the bitmap on a word basis and use shifts and masks to isolate
the bits of interest. Similarly masks are used to set a local copy of the
bitmap and then use cmpxchg to update the bitmap if there have been no
other changes made in parallel.
In a test running dd onto tmpfs the overhead of the pageblock-related
functions went from 1.27% in profiles to 0.5%.
In addition to the performance benefits, this patch closes races that are
possible between:
a) get_ and set_pageblock_migratetype(), where get_pageblock_migratetype()
reads part of the bits before and other part of the bits after
set_pageblock_migratetype() has updated them.
b) set_pageblock_migratetype() and set_pageblock_skip(), where the non-atomic
read-modify-update set bit operation in set_pageblock_skip() will cause
lost updates to some bits changed in the set_pageblock_migratetype().
Joonsoo Kim first reported the case a) via code inspection. Vlastimil
Babka's testing with a debug patch showed that either a) or b) occurs
roughly once per mmtests' stress-highalloc benchmark (although not
necessarily in the same pageblock). Furthermore during development of
unrelated compaction patches, it was observed that frequent calls to
{start,undo}_isolate_page_range() the race occurs several thousands of
times and has resulted in NULL pointer dereferences in move_freepages()
and free_one_page() in places where free_list[migratetype] is
manipulated by e.g. list_move(). Further debugging confirmed that
migratetype had invalid value of 6, causing out of bounds access to the
free_list array.
That confirmed that the race exist, although it may be extremely rare,
and currently only fatal where page isolation is performed due to
memory hot remove. Races on pageblocks being updated by
set_pageblock_migratetype(), where both old and new migratetype are
lower MIGRATE_RESERVE, currently cannot result in an invalid value
being observed, although theoretically they may still lead to
unexpected creation or destruction of MIGRATE_RESERVE pageblocks.
Furthermore, things could get suddenly worse when memory isolation is
used more, or when new migratetypes are added.
After this patch, the race has no longer been observed in testing.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <[email protected]>
Reported-by: Joonsoo Kim <[email protected]>
Reported-and-tested-by: Vlastimil Babka <[email protected]>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <[email protected]>
Cc: Jan Kara <[email protected]>
Cc: Michal Hocko <[email protected]>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <[email protected]>
Cc: Dave Hansen <[email protected]>
Cc: Theodore Ts'o <[email protected]>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <[email protected]>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <[email protected]>
Cc: Rik van Riel <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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ALLOC_NO_WATERMARK is set in a few cases. Always by kswapd, always for
__GFP_MEMALLOC, sometimes for swap-over-nfs, tasks etc. Each of these
cases are relatively rare events but the ALLOC_NO_WATERMARK check is an
unlikely branch in the fast path. This patch moves the check out of the
fast path and after it has been determined that the watermarks have not
been met. This helps the common fast path at the cost of making the slow
path slower and hitting kswapd with a performance cost. It's a reasonable
tradeoff.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <[email protected]>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <[email protected]>
Cc: Jan Kara <[email protected]>
Cc: Michal Hocko <[email protected]>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <[email protected]>
Cc: Dave Hansen <[email protected]>
Cc: Theodore Ts'o <[email protected]>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <[email protected]>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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Currently it's calculated once per zone in the zonelist.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <[email protected]>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <[email protected]>
Cc: Jan Kara <[email protected]>
Cc: Michal Hocko <[email protected]>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <[email protected]>
Cc: Dave Hansen <[email protected]>
Cc: Theodore Ts'o <[email protected]>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <[email protected]>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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A node/zone index is used to check if pages are compatible for merging
but this happens unconditionally even if the buddy page is not free. Defer
the calculation as long as possible. Ideally we would check the zone boundary
but nodes can overlap.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <[email protected]>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <[email protected]>
Cc: Jan Kara <[email protected]>
Cc: Michal Hocko <[email protected]>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <[email protected]>
Cc: Dave Hansen <[email protected]>
Cc: Theodore Ts'o <[email protected]>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <[email protected]>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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If cpusets are not in use then we still check a global variable on every
page allocation. Use jump labels to avoid the overhead.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <[email protected]>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <[email protected]>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <[email protected]>
Cc: Jan Kara <[email protected]>
Cc: Michal Hocko <[email protected]>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <[email protected]>
Cc: Dave Hansen <[email protected]>
Cc: Theodore Ts'o <[email protected]>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <[email protected]>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <[email protected]>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Cc: Stephen Rothwell <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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"full"
If a zone cannot be used for a dirty page then it gets marked "full" which
is cached in the zlc and later potentially skipped by allocation requests
that have nothing to do with dirty zones.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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The zlc is used on NUMA machines to quickly skip over zones that are full.
However it is always updated, even for the first zone scanned when the
zlc might not even be active. As it's a write to a bitmap that
potentially bounces cache line it's deceptively expensive and most
machines will not care. Only update the zlc if it was active.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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Synchronous memory compaction can be very expensive: it can iterate an
enormous amount of memory without aborting, constantly rescheduling,
waiting on page locks and lru_lock, etc, if a pageblock cannot be
defragmented.
Unfortunately, it's too expensive for transparent hugepage page faults and
it's much better to simply fallback to pages. On 128GB machines, we find
that synchronous memory compaction can take O(seconds) for a single thp
fault.
Now that async compaction remembers where it left off without strictly
relying on sync compaction, this makes thp allocations best-effort without
causing egregious latency during fault. We still need to retry async
compaction after reclaim, but this won't stall for seconds.
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Cc: Greg Thelen <[email protected]>
Cc: Naoya Horiguchi <[email protected]>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <[email protected]>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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We're going to want to manipulate the migration mode for compaction in the
page allocator, and currently compact_control's sync field is only a bool.
Currently, we only do MIGRATE_ASYNC or MIGRATE_SYNC_LIGHT compaction
depending on the value of this bool. Convert the bool to enum
migrate_mode and pass the migration mode in directly. Later, we'll want
to avoid MIGRATE_SYNC_LIGHT for thp allocations in the pagefault patch to
avoid unnecessary latency.
This also alters compaction triggered from sysfs, either for the entire
system or for a node, to force MIGRATE_SYNC.
[[email protected]: fix build]
[[email protected]: use MIGRATE_SYNC in alloc_contig_range()]
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <[email protected]>
Suggested-by: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <[email protected]>
Cc: Greg Thelen <[email protected]>
Cc: Naoya Horiguchi <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Joonsoo Kim <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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Memory migration uses a callback defined by the caller to determine how to
allocate destination pages. When migration fails for a source page,
however, it frees the destination page back to the system.
This patch adds a memory migration callback defined by the caller to
determine how to free destination pages. If a caller, such as memory
compaction, builds its own freelist for migration targets, this can reuse
already freed memory instead of scanning additional memory.
If the caller provides a function to handle freeing of destination pages,
it is called when page migration fails. If the caller passes NULL then
freeing back to the system will be handled as usual. This patch
introduces no functional change.
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Naoya Horiguchi <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <[email protected]>
Cc: Greg Thelen <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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Nobody outputs memory addresses in decimal. PFNs are essentially
addresses, and they're gibberish in decimal. Output them in hex.
Also, add the nid and zone name to give a little more context to the
message.
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <[email protected]>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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For the MIGRATE_RESERVE pages, it is useful when they do not get
misplaced on free_list of other migratetype, otherwise they might get
allocated prematurely and e.g. fragment the MIGRATE_RESEVE pageblocks.
While this cannot be avoided completely when allocating new
MIGRATE_RESERVE pageblocks in min_free_kbytes sysctl handler, we should
prevent the misplacement where possible.
Currently, it is possible for the misplacement to happen when a
MIGRATE_RESERVE page is allocated on pcplist through rmqueue_bulk() as a
fallback for other desired migratetype, and then later freed back
through free_pcppages_bulk() without being actually used. This happens
because free_pcppages_bulk() uses get_freepage_migratetype() to choose
the free_list, and rmqueue_bulk() calls set_freepage_migratetype() with
the *desired* migratetype and not the page's original MIGRATE_RESERVE
migratetype.
This patch fixes the problem by moving the call to
set_freepage_migratetype() from rmqueue_bulk() down to
__rmqueue_smallest() and __rmqueue_fallback() where the actual page's
migratetype (e.g. from which free_list the page is taken from) is used.
Note that this migratetype might be different from the pageblock's
migratetype due to freepage stealing decisions. This is OK, as page
stealing never uses MIGRATE_RESERVE as a fallback, and also takes care
to leave all MIGRATE_CMA pages on the correct freelist.
Therefore, as an additional benefit, the call to
get_pageblock_migratetype() from rmqueue_bulk() when CMA is enabled, can
be removed completely. This relies on the fact that MIGRATE_CMA
pageblocks are created only during system init, and the above. The
related is_migrate_isolate() check is also unnecessary, as memory
isolation has other ways to move pages between freelists, and drain pcp
lists containing pages that should be isolated. The buffered_rmqueue()
can also benefit from calling get_freepage_migratetype() instead of
get_pageblock_migratetype().
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <[email protected]>
Reported-by: Yong-Taek Lee <[email protected]>
Reported-by: Bartlomiej Zolnierkiewicz <[email protected]>
Suggested-by: Joonsoo Kim <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Joonsoo Kim <[email protected]>
Suggested-by: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <[email protected]>
Cc: Marek Szyprowski <[email protected]>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <[email protected]>
Cc: Rik van Riel <[email protected]>
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <[email protected]>
Cc: "Wang, Yalin" <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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pgdat->reclaim_nodes tracks if a remote node is allowed to be reclaimed
by zone_reclaim due to its distance. As it is expected that
zone_reclaim_mode will be rarely enabled it is unreasonable for all
machines to take a penalty. Fortunately, the zone_reclaim_mode() path
is already slow and it is the path that takes the hit.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Zhang Yanfei <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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When it was introduced, zone_reclaim_mode made sense as NUMA distances
punished and workloads were generally partitioned to fit into a NUMA
node. NUMA machines are now common but few of the workloads are
NUMA-aware and it's routine to see major performance degradation due to
zone_reclaim_mode being enabled but relatively few can identify the
problem.
Those that require zone_reclaim_mode are likely to be able to detect
when it needs to be enabled and tune appropriately so lets have a
sensible default for the bulk of users.
This patch (of 2):
zone_reclaim_mode causes processes to prefer reclaiming memory from
local node instead of spilling over to other nodes. This made sense
initially when NUMA machines were almost exclusively HPC and the
workload was partitioned into nodes. The NUMA penalties were
sufficiently high to justify reclaiming the memory. On current machines
and workloads it is often the case that zone_reclaim_mode destroys
performance but not all users know how to detect this. Favour the
common case and disable it by default. Users that are sophisticated
enough to know they need zone_reclaim_mode will detect it.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Zhang Yanfei <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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Currently to allocate a page that should be charged to kmemcg (e.g.
threadinfo), we pass __GFP_KMEMCG flag to the page allocator. The page
allocated is then to be freed by free_memcg_kmem_pages. Apart from
looking asymmetrical, this also requires intrusion to the general
allocation path. So let's introduce separate functions that will
alloc/free pages charged to kmemcg.
The new functions are called alloc_kmem_pages and free_kmem_pages. They
should be used when the caller actually would like to use kmalloc, but
has to fall back to the page allocator for the allocation is large.
They only differ from alloc_pages and free_pages in that besides
allocating or freeing pages they also charge them to the kmem resource
counter of the current memory cgroup.
[[email protected]: export kmalloc_order() to modules]
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Greg Thelen <[email protected]>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <[email protected]>
Cc: Glauber Costa <[email protected]>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <[email protected]>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Stephen Rothwell <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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A new dump_page() routine was recently added, and marked
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL. dump_page() was also added to the VM_BUG_ON_PAGE()
macro, and so the end result is that non-GPL code can no longer call
get_page() and a few other routines.
This only happens if the kernel was compiled with CONFIG_DEBUG_VM.
Change dump_page() to be EXPORT_SYMBOL.
Longer explanation:
Prior to commit 309381feaee5 ("mm: dump page when hitting a VM_BUG_ON
using VM_BUG_ON_PAGE") , it was possible to build MIT-licensed (non-GPL)
drivers on Fedora. Fedora is semi-unique, in that it sets
CONFIG_VM_DEBUG.
Because Fedora sets CONFIG_VM_DEBUG, they end up pulling in dump_page(),
via VM_BUG_ON_PAGE, via get_page(). As one of the authors of NVIDIA's
new, open source, "UVM-Lite" kernel module, I originally choose to use
the kernel's get_page() routine from within nvidia_uvm_page_cache.c,
because get_page() has always seemed to be very clearly intended for use
by non-GPL, driver code.
So I'm hoping that making get_page() widely accessible again will not be
too controversial. We did check with Fedora first, and they responded
(https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1074710#c3) that we should
try to get upstream changed, before asking Fedora to change. Their
reasoning seems beneficial to Linux: leaving CONFIG_DEBUG_VM set allows
Fedora to help catch mm bugs.
Signed-off-by: John Hubbard <[email protected]>
Cc: Sasha Levin <[email protected]>
Cc: Josh Boyer <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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This is a small cleanup.
Signed-off-by: Emil Medve <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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On NUMA systems, a node may start thrashing cache or even swap anonymous
pages while there are still free pages on remote nodes.
This is a result of commits 81c0a2bb515f ("mm: page_alloc: fair zone
allocator policy") and fff4068cba48 ("mm: page_alloc: revert NUMA aspect
of fair allocation policy").
Before those changes, the allocator would first try all allowed zones,
including those on remote nodes, before waking any kswapds. But now,
the allocator fastpath doubles as the fairness pass, which in turn can
only consider the local node to prevent remote spilling based on
exhausted fairness batches alone. Remote nodes are only considered in
the slowpath, after the kswapds are woken up. But if remote nodes still
have free memory, kswapd should not be woken to rebalance the local node
or it may thrash cash or swap prematurely.
Fix this by adding one more unfair pass over the zonelist that is
allowed to spill to remote nodes after the local fairness pass fails but
before entering the slowpath and waking the kswapds.
This also gets rid of the GFP_THISNODE exemption from the fairness
protocol because the unfair pass is no longer tied to kswapd, which
GFP_THISNODE is not allowed to wake up.
However, because remote spills can be more frequent now - we prefer them
over local kswapd reclaim - the allocation batches on remote nodes could
underflow more heavily. When resetting the batches, use
atomic_long_read() directly instead of zone_page_state() to calculate the
delta as the latter filters negative counter values.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Cc: <[email protected]> [3.12+]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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I tried to use 'dump_page(page, __func__)' for debugging, but it triggers
warning:
warning: passing argument 2 of `dump_page' discards `const' qualifier from pointer target type [enabled by default]
Let's convert 'reason' to 'const char *' in dump_page() and friends: we
shouldn't modify it anyway.
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <[email protected]>
Cc: Dave Hansen <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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We had a report about strange OOM killer strikes on a PPC machine
although there was a lot of swap free and a tons of anonymous memory
which could be swapped out. In the end it turned out that the OOM was a
side effect of zone reclaim which wasn't unmapping and swapping out and
so the system was pushed to the OOM. Although this sounds like a bug
somewhere in the kswapd vs. zone reclaim vs. direct reclaim
interaction numactl on the said hardware suggests that the zone reclaim
should not have been set in the first place:
node 0 cpus: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
node 0 size: 0 MB
node 0 free: 0 MB
node 2 cpus:
node 2 size: 7168 MB
node 2 free: 6019 MB
node distances:
node 0 2
0: 10 40
2: 40 10
So all the CPUs are associated with Node0 which doesn't have any memory
while Node2 contains all the available memory. Node distances cause an
automatic zone_reclaim_mode enabling.
Zone reclaim is intended to keep the allocations local but this doesn't
make any sense on the memoryless nodes. So let's exclude such nodes for
init_zone_allows_reclaim which evaluates zone reclaim behavior and
suitable reclaim_nodes.
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <[email protected]>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Nishanth Aravamudan <[email protected]>
Tested-by: Nishanth Aravamudan <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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Since put_mems_allowed() is strictly optional, its a seqcount retry, we
don't need to evaluate the function if the allocation was in fact
successful, saving a smp_rmb some loads and comparisons on some relative
fast-paths.
Since the naming, get/put_mems_allowed() does suggest a mandatory
pairing, rename the interface, as suggested by Mel, to resemble the
seqcount interface.
This gives us: read_mems_allowed_begin() and read_mems_allowed_retry(),
where it is important to note that the return value of the latter call
is inverted from its previous incarnation.
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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Jan Stancek reports manual page migration encountering allocation
failures after some pages when there is still plenty of memory free, and
bisected the problem down to commit 81c0a2bb515f ("mm: page_alloc: fair
zone allocator policy").
The problem is that GFP_THISNODE obeys the zone fairness allocation
batches on one hand, but doesn't reset them and wake kswapd on the other
hand. After a few of those allocations, the batches are exhausted and
the allocations fail.
Fixing this means either having GFP_THISNODE wake up kswapd, or
GFP_THISNODE not participating in zone fairness at all. The latter
seems safer as an acute bugfix, we can clean up later.
Reported-by: Jan Stancek <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Cc: <[email protected]> [3.12+]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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Commit bf6bddf1924e ("mm: introduce compaction and migration for
ballooned pages") introduces page_count(page) into memory compaction
which dereferences page->first_page if PageTail(page).
This results in a very rare NULL pointer dereference on the
aforementioned page_count(page). Indeed, anything that does
compound_head(), including page_count() is susceptible to racing with
prep_compound_page() and seeing a NULL or dangling page->first_page
pointer.
This patch uses Andrea's implementation of compound_trans_head() that
deals with such a race and makes it the default compound_head()
implementation. This includes a read memory barrier that ensures that
if PageTail(head) is true that we return a head page that is neither
NULL nor dangling. The patch then adds a store memory barrier to
prep_compound_page() to ensure page->first_page is set.
This is the safest way to ensure we see the head page that we are
expecting, PageTail(page) is already in the unlikely() path and the
memory barriers are unfortunately required.
Hugetlbfs is the exception, we don't enforce a store memory barrier
during init since no race is possible.
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <[email protected]>
Cc: Holger Kiehl <[email protected]>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <[email protected]>
Cc: Rafael Aquini <[email protected]>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <[email protected]>
Cc: Michal Hocko <[email protected]>
Cc: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <[email protected]>
Cc: Rik van Riel <[email protected]>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <[email protected]>
Cc: <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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min_free_kbytes may be raised during THP's initialization. Sometimes,
this will change the value which was set by the user. Showing this
message will clarify this confusion.
Only show this message when changing a value which was set by the user
according to Michal Hocko's suggestion.
Show the old value of min_free_kbytes according to Dave Hansen's
suggestion. This will give user the chance to restore old value of
min_free_kbytes.
Signed-off-by: Han Pingtian <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <[email protected]>
Cc: David Rientjes <[email protected]>
Cc: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Cc: Dave Hansen <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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If echo -1 > /proc/vm/sys/min_free_kbytes, the system will hang. Changing
proc_dointvec() to proc_dointvec_minmax() in the
min_free_kbytes_sysctl_handler() can prevent this to happen.
mhocko said:
: You can still do echo $BIG_VALUE > /proc/vm/sys/min_free_kbytes and make
: your machine unusable but I agree that proc_dointvec_minmax is more
: suitable here as we already have:
:
: .proc_handler = min_free_kbytes_sysctl_handler,
: .extra1 = &zero,
:
: It used to work properly but then 6fce56ec91b5 ("sysctl: Remove references
: to ctl_name and strategy from the generic sysctl table") has removed
: sysctl_intvec strategy and so extra1 is ignored.
Signed-off-by: Han Pingtian <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <[email protected]>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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Most of the VM_BUG_ON assertions are performed on a page. Usually, when
one of these assertions fails we'll get a BUG_ON with a call stack and
the registers.
I've recently noticed based on the requests to add a small piece of code
that dumps the page to various VM_BUG_ON sites that the page dump is
quite useful to people debugging issues in mm.
This patch adds a VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(cond, page) which beyond doing what
VM_BUG_ON() does, also dumps the page before executing the actual
BUG_ON.
[[email protected]: fix up includes]
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <[email protected]>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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bad_page() is cool in that it prints out a bunch of data about the page.
But, I can never remember which page flags are good and which are bad,
or whether ->index or ->mapping is required to be NULL.
This patch allows bad/dump_page() callers to specify a string about why
they are dumping the page and adds explanation strings to a number of
places. It also adds a 'bad_flags' argument to bad_page(), which it
then dumps out separately from the flags which are actually set.
This way, the messages will show specifically why the page was bad,
*specifically* which flags it is complaining about, if it was a page
flag combination which was the problem.
[[email protected]: switch to pr_alert]
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <[email protected]>
Cc: Andi Kleen <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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__GFP_NOFAIL may return NULL when coupled with GFP_NOWAIT or GFP_ATOMIC.
Luckily, nothing currently does such craziness. So instead of causing
such allocations to loop (potentially forever), we maintain the current
behavior and also warn about the new users of the deprecated flag.
Suggested-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <[email protected]>
Cc: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Cc: Michal Hocko <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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Currently there are several functions to manipulate the deferred
compaction state variables. The remaining case where the variables are
touched directly is when a successful allocation occurs in direct
compaction, or is expected to be successful in the future by kswapd.
Here, the lowest order that is expected to fail is updated, and in the
case of successful allocation, the deferred status and counter is reset
completely.
Create a new function compaction_defer_reset() to encapsulate this
functionality and make it easier to understand the code. No functional
change.
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <[email protected]>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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Switch to memblock interfaces for early memory allocator instead of
bootmem allocator. No functional change in beahvior than what it is in
current code from bootmem users points of view.
Archs already converted to NO_BOOTMEM now directly use memblock
interfaces instead of bootmem wrappers build on top of memblock. And
the archs which still uses bootmem, these new apis just fallback to
exiting bootmem APIs.
Signed-off-by: Grygorii Strashko <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Santosh Shilimkar <[email protected]>
Cc: Yinghai Lu <[email protected]>
Cc: Tejun Heo <[email protected]>
Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" <[email protected]>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <[email protected]>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <[email protected]>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <[email protected]>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <[email protected]>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <[email protected]>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <[email protected]>
Cc: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <[email protected]>
Cc: Michal Hocko <[email protected]>
Cc: Paul Walmsley <[email protected]>
Cc: Pavel Machek <[email protected]>
Cc: Russell King <[email protected]>
Cc: Tony Lindgren <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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If users specify the original movablecore=nn@ss boot option, the kernel
will arrange [ss, ss+nn) as ZONE_MOVABLE. The kernelcore=nn@ss boot
option is similar except it specifies ZONE_NORMAL ranges.
Now, if users specify "movable_node" in kernel commandline, the kernel
will arrange hotpluggable memory in SRAT as ZONE_MOVABLE. And if users
do this, all the other movablecore=nn@ss and kernelcore=nn@ss options
should be ignored.
For those who don't want this, just specify nothing. The kernel will
act as before.
Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yanfei <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Wanpeng Li <[email protected]>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <[email protected]>
Cc: "Rafael J . Wysocki" <[email protected]>
Cc: Chen Tang <[email protected]>
Cc: Gong Chen <[email protected]>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiang Liu <[email protected]>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <[email protected]>
Cc: Lai Jiangshan <[email protected]>
Cc: Larry Woodman <[email protected]>
Cc: Len Brown <[email protected]>
Cc: Liu Jiang <[email protected]>
Cc: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <[email protected]>
Cc: Minchan Kim <[email protected]>
Cc: Prarit Bhargava <[email protected]>
Cc: Rik van Riel <[email protected]>
Cc: Taku Izumi <[email protected]>
Cc: Tejun Heo <[email protected]>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <[email protected]>
Cc: Thomas Renninger <[email protected]>
Cc: Toshi Kani <[email protected]>
Cc: Vasilis Liaskovitis <[email protected]>
Cc: Wen Congyang <[email protected]>
Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <[email protected]>
Cc: Yinghai Lu <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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Commit 4b59e6c47309 ("mm, show_mem: suppress page counts in
non-blockable contexts") introduced SHOW_MEM_FILTER_PAGE_COUNT to
suppress PFN walks on large memory machines. Commit c78e93630d15 ("mm:
do not walk all of system memory during show_mem") avoided a PFN walk in
the generic show_mem helper which removes the requirement for
SHOW_MEM_FILTER_PAGE_COUNT in that case.
This patch removes PFN walkers from the arch-specific implementations
that report on a per-node or per-zone granularity. ARM and unicore32
still do a PFN walk as they report memory usage on each bank which is a
much finer granularity where the debugging information may still be of
use. As the remaining arches doing PFN walks have relatively small
amounts of memory, this patch simply removes SHOW_MEM_FILTER_PAGE_COUNT.
[[email protected]: fix parisc]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <[email protected]>
Cc: Tony Luck <[email protected]>
Cc: Russell King <[email protected]>
Cc: James Bottomley <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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Yasuaki Ishimatsu reported memory hot-add spent more than 5 _hours_ on
9TB memory machine since onlining memory sections is too slow. And we
found out setup_zone_migrate_reserve spent >90% of the time.
The problem is, setup_zone_migrate_reserve scans all pageblocks
unconditionally, but it is only necessary if the number of reserved
block was reduced (i.e. memory hot remove).
Moreover, maximum MIGRATE_RESERVE per zone is currently 2. It means
that the number of reserved pageblocks is almost always unchanged.
This patch adds zone->nr_migrate_reserve_block to maintain the number of
MIGRATE_RESERVE pageblocks and it reduces the overhead of
setup_zone_migrate_reserve dramatically. The following table shows time
of onlining a memory section.
Amount of memory | 128GB | 192GB | 256GB|
---------------------------------------------
linux-3.12 | 23.9 | 31.4 | 44.5 |
This patch | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.6 |
Mel's proposal patch | 10.9 | 19.2 | 31.3 |
---------------------------------------------
(millisecond)
128GB : 4 nodes and each node has 32GB of memory
192GB : 6 nodes and each node has 32GB of memory
256GB : 8 nodes and each node has 32GB of memory
(*1) Mel proposed his idea by the following threads.
https://lkml.org/lkml/2013/10/30/272
[[email protected]: tweak comment]
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <[email protected]>
Reported-by: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <[email protected]>
Tested-by: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <[email protected]>
Cc: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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Commit 81c0a2bb515f ("mm: page_alloc: fair zone allocator policy") meant
to bring aging fairness among zones in system, but it was overzealous
and badly regressed basic workloads on NUMA systems.
Due to the way kswapd and page allocator interacts, we still want to
make sure that all zones in any given node are used equally for all
allocations to maximize memory utilization and prevent thrashing on the
highest zone in the node.
While the same principle applies to NUMA nodes - memory utilization is
obviously improved by spreading allocations throughout all nodes -
remote references can be costly and so many workloads prefer locality
over memory utilization. The original change assumed that
zone_reclaim_mode would be a good enough predictor for that, but it
turned out to be as indicative as a coin flip.
Revert the NUMA aspect of the fairness until we can find a proper way to
make it configurable and agree on a sane default.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Cc: <[email protected]> # 3.12
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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policy"
This reverts commit 73f038b863df. The NUMA behaviour of this patch is
less than ideal. An alternative approch is to interleave allocations
only within local zones which is implemented in the next patch.
Cc: [email protected]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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Dave Hansen noted a regression in a microbenchmark that loops around
open() and close() on an 8-node NUMA machine and bisected it down to
commit 81c0a2bb515f ("mm: page_alloc: fair zone allocator policy").
That change forces the slab allocations of the file descriptor to spread
out to all 8 nodes, causing remote references in the page allocator and
slab.
The round-robin policy is only there to provide fairness among memory
allocations that are reclaimed involuntarily based on pressure in each
zone. It does not make sense to apply it to unreclaimable kernel
allocations that are freed manually, in this case instantly after the
allocation, and incur the remote reference costs twice for no reason.
Only round-robin allocations that are usually freed through page reclaim
or slab shrinking.
Bisected by Dave Hansen.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <[email protected]>
Cc: Dave Hansen <[email protected]>
Cc: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <[email protected]>
Cc: <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
|
|
Signed-off-by: Zhi Yong Wu <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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When __rmqueue_fallback() doesn't find a free block with the required size
it splits a larger page and puts the rest of the page onto the free list.
But it has one serious mistake. When putting back, __rmqueue_fallback()
always use start_migratetype if type is not CMA. However,
__rmqueue_fallback() is only called when all of the start_migratetype
queue is empty. That said, __rmqueue_fallback always puts back memory to
the wrong queue except try_to_steal_freepages() changed pageblock type
(i.e. requested size is smaller than half of page block). The end result
is that the antifragmentation framework increases fragmenation instead of
decreasing it.
Mel's original anti fragmentation does the right thing. But commit
47118af076f6 ("mm: mmzone: MIGRATE_CMA migration type added") broke it.
This patch restores sane and old behavior. It also removes an incorrect
comment which was introduced by commit fef903efcf0c ("mm/page_alloc.c:
restructure free-page stealing code and fix a bug").
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <[email protected]>
Cc: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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In general, every tracepoint should be zero overhead if it is disabled.
However, trace_mm_page_alloc_extfrag() is one of exception. It evaluate
"new_type == start_migratetype" even if tracepoint is disabled.
However, the code can be moved into tracepoint's TP_fast_assign() and
TP_fast_assign exist exactly such purpose. This patch does it.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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Currently, set_pageblock_migratetype() screws up MIGRATE_CMA and
MIGRATE_ISOLATE if page_group_by_mobility_disabled is true. It rewrites
the argument to MIGRATE_UNMOVABLE and we lost these attribute.
The problem was introduced by commit 49255c619fbd ("page allocator: move
check for disabled anti-fragmentation out of fastpath"). So a 4 year
old issue may mean that nobody uses page_group_by_mobility_disabled.
But anyway, this patch fixes the problem.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <[email protected]>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
|
|
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yanfei <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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Use helper function to check if we need to deal with oom condition.
Signed-off-by: Qiang Huang <[email protected]>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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Use "if (zone->present_pages)" instead of "if (zone->present_pages)".
Simplify the code, no functional change.
Signed-off-by: Xishi Qiu <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
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Change the per page last fault tracking to use cpu,pid instead of
nid,pid. This will allow us to try and lookup the alternate task more
easily. Note that even though it is the cpu that is store in the page
flags that the mpol_misplaced decision is still based on the node.
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <[email protected]>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <[email protected]>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <[email protected]>
Cc: Srikar Dronamraju <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
[ Fixed build failure on 32-bit systems. ]
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
|
|
Ideally it would be possible to distinguish between NUMA hinting faults that
are private to a task and those that are shared. If treated identically
there is a risk that shared pages bounce between nodes depending on
the order they are referenced by tasks. Ultimately what is desirable is
that task private pages remain local to the task while shared pages are
interleaved between sharing tasks running on different nodes to give good
average performance. This is further complicated by THP as even
applications that partition their data may not be partitioning on a huge
page boundary.
To start with, this patch assumes that multi-threaded or multi-process
applications partition their data and that in general the private accesses
are more important for cpu->memory locality in the general case. Also,
no new infrastructure is required to treat private pages properly but
interleaving for shared pages requires additional infrastructure.
To detect private accesses the pid of the last accessing task is required
but the storage requirements are a high. This patch borrows heavily from
Ingo Molnar's patch "numa, mm, sched: Implement last-CPU+PID hash tracking"
to encode some bits from the last accessing task in the page flags as
well as the node information. Collisions will occur but it is better than
just depending on the node information. Node information is then used to
determine if a page needs to migrate. The PID information is used to detect
private/shared accesses. The preferred NUMA node is selected based on where
the maximum number of approximately private faults were measured. Shared
faults are not taken into consideration for a few reasons.
First, if there are many tasks sharing the page then they'll all move
towards the same node. The node will be compute overloaded and then
scheduled away later only to bounce back again. Alternatively the shared
tasks would just bounce around nodes because the fault information is
effectively noise. Either way accounting for shared faults the same as
private faults can result in lower performance overall.
The second reason is based on a hypothetical workload that has a small
number of very important, heavily accessed private pages but a large shared
array. The shared array would dominate the number of faults and be selected
as a preferred node even though it's the wrong decision.
The third reason is that multiple threads in a process will race each
other to fault the shared page making the fault information unreliable.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <[email protected]>
[ Fix complication error when !NUMA_BALANCING. ]
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <[email protected]>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <[email protected]>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <[email protected]>
Cc: Srikar Dronamraju <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <[email protected]>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
|
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This reverts commit cea27eb2a202 ("mm/memory-hotplug: fix lowmem count
overflow when offline pages").
The fixed bug by commit cea27eb was fixed to another way by commit
3dcc0571cd64 ("mm: correctly update zone->managed_pages"). That commit
enhances memory_hotplug.c to adjust totalhigh_pages when hot-removing
memory, for details please refer to:
http://marc.info/?l=linux-mm&m=136957578620221&w=2
As a result, commit cea27eb2a202 currently causes duplicated decreasing
of totalhigh_pages, thus the revert.
Signed-off-by: Joonyoung Shim <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Wanpeng Li <[email protected]>
Cc: Jiang Liu <[email protected]>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <[email protected]>
Cc: Bartlomiej Zolnierkiewicz <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[email protected]>
|