timekeeping: Split out timekeeper update of timekeeping_advanced()

timekeeping_advance() is the only optimized function which uses
shadow_timekeeper for updating the real timekeeper to keep the sequence
counter protected region as small as possible.

To be able to transform timekeeper updates in other functions to use the
same logic, split out functionality into a separate function
timekeeper_update_staged().

While at it, document the reason why the sequence counter must be write
held over the call to timekeeping_update() and the copying to the real
timekeeper and why using a pointer based update is suboptimal.

No functional change.

Signed-off-by: Anna-Maria Behnsen <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <[email protected]>
Acked-by: John Stultz <[email protected]>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20241009-devel-anna-maria-b4-timers-ptp-timekeeping-v2-13-554456a44a15@linutronix.de

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